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High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the sugars obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis. A universal column Luna NH2 from Phenomenex was used. The analysis conditions were as follows: the flow was 1.5 cm3/min, the temperature was set to 50°C, the eluent was an acetonitrile–water mixture (75:25 v/v). The hydrolysis yield for each process was calculated separately for glucose and xylose and then summed up and converted into percentages in relation to the dry matter of the individual materials used in the process.
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Algal biomass is considered a promising feedstock for producing sustainable fuels and chemicals. Algae are divided into two major types: unicellular microalgae and multicellular macroalgae. Never-theless, they are both made up of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Algal biomass offers significant advantages for pyrolytic processes because of its high lipid content, accounting for about 20–50% of dry cell weight and up to 80% under specific conditions. This high lipid content promotes a higher bio-oil yield than traditional lignocellulosic biomass
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FTIR was conducted to understand the surface functional group of biochar under different reaction temperatures during thermochemical liquefaction (Fig. B, Supplementary). The absorption peaks observed about 3700–3200 cm−1 in biochar corresponded to the O–H and N–H, and can be attributed to the action of hydroxyl groups and amino groups, respectively. These two peaks were found to be weak in biochar 300 because the high temperature promoted the thermal dehydration reaction.